The Economic Impact of Malaysia’s 2018 Political Transition: A Synthetic Control Analysis

Impak ekonomi peralihan politik Malaysia 2018: Analisis kawalan sintetik

Penulis

  • Muhammad Sobri Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia (ISMA cawangan UK – Eire)
  • Sayed Noor Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia (ISMA cawangan UK – Eire)
  • Aiman Mat Mukti Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia (ISMA cawangan UK – Eire)
  • Muhammad Azemi Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia (ISMA cawangan UK – Eire)
  • Muhammad Zairudin Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia (ISMA cawangan UK – Eire)
  • Muhammad Noordin Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia (ISMA cawangan UK – Eire)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47548/ijistra.2026.127

Kata Kunci:

Political transition, Regime change, Economic performance, Synthetic control, Malaysia

Abstrak

Political transitions can cause significant economic consequences, but their causal effects are difficult to isolate. This study examines Malaysia’s 2018 Regime Change from Barisan Nasional (BN) to Pakatan Harapan (PH), which is the first change of political party since its independence in 1957. The economic consequences are measured through the change in Malaysia’s GDP per capita using Synthetic Control Method (SCM) as a quantitative analysis. SCM constructs a counterfactual measure of GDPpc as a weighted mixture of countries within the donor pool of countries with no major economic shocks around the 2018 treatment period ensuring pre-treatment comparability. Synthetic Malaysia’s GDPpc represents what might have been if there was no regime change, allowing a direct comparison with the actual GDPpc. The results indicate that Malaysia’s GDP per capita fell around $200 to $300 below the synthetic counterfactual by 2019 and fell further to $750 to $1000 by 2021. This aligns with the theoretical framework where a change in political transition leads to uncertainty, policy disruptions, and institutional adjustments. The gradual and increasing divergence suggests a time lag between the regime change and its economic consequences. Nonetheless, results should be interpreted cautiously, as the COVID-19 pandemic most likely increase the divergence from 2020 onwards.

 

Peralihan politik boleh membawa kesan ekonomi yang ketara, namun kesan kausalnya sukar dikenal pasti secara berasingan. Kajian ini meneliti perubahan rejim politik Malaysia pada tahun 2018, daripada Barisan Nasional (BN) kepada Pakatan Harapan (PH), yang merupakan perubahan parti politik pertama sejak Malaysia mencapai kemerdekaan pada tahun 1957. Kesan ekonomi perubahan tersebut diukur melalui perubahan Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar (KDNK) per kapita Malaysia dengan menggunakan Kaedah Kawalan Sintetik (Synthetic Control Method, SCM) sebagai pendekatan analisis kuantitatif. SCM membina ukuran kontrafaktual bagi KDNK per kapita melalui gabungan berwajaran negara-negara dalam kumpulan penderma (donor pool) yang tidak mengalami kejutan ekonomi besar sekitar tempoh intervensi pada tahun 2018, sekali gus memastikan kebolehbandingan keadaan sebelum intervensi. KDNK per kapita Malaysia Sintetik mewakili anggaran keadaan yang mungkin berlaku sekiranya perubahan rejim politik tidak berlaku, dan membolehkan perbandingan langsung dibuat dengan KDNK per kapita Malaysia yang sebenar. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa KDNK per kapita Malaysia pada tahun 2019 berada sekitar AS$200 hingga AS$300 lebih rendah berbanding nilai kontrafaktual sintetik, dan jurang tersebut melebar kepada sekitar AS$750 hingga AS$1,000 pada tahun 2021. Dapatan ini selaras dengan kerangka teori yang mengandaikan bahawa perubahan politik boleh mencetuskan ketidakpastian, gangguan terhadap dasar serta penyesuaian institusi, yang seterusnya memberi kesan terhadap prestasi ekonomi. Jurang yang semakin melebar secara beransur-ansur juga menunjukkan bahawa terdapat kelewatan masa antara berlakunya perubahan rejim dengan kemunculan kesan ekonominya. Bagaimanapun, dapatan ini perlu ditafsirkan dengan berhati-hati kerana pandemik COVID-19 berkemungkinan besar menyumbang kepada peningkatan jurang tersebut mulai tahun 2020.

Unduhan

Data unduhan belum tersedia.

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Diterbitkan

2026-10-30

Cara Mengutip

Sobri, M. ., Noor , S. ., Mat Mukti , A. ., Azemi , M. ., Zairudin, M. ., & Noordin , M. . (2026). The Economic Impact of Malaysia’s 2018 Political Transition: A Synthetic Control Analysis: Impak ekonomi peralihan politik Malaysia 2018: Analisis kawalan sintetik . International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Strategic Studies, 7(13), 765-781. https://doi.org/10.47548/ijistra.2026.127